Breast cancer is a multifactorial disease. In most cases, it occurs without a clear cause. However, certain factors are associated with an increased probability of developing the disease.

The presence of one or more risk factors does not mean that a woman will develop cancer — it simply means that individualized surveillance is needed.

Non-Modifiable Factors

Age — The most significant risk factor. Risk increases after the age of 40-50.
Sex — The disease primarily affects women, although it can also occur in men.
Family history — A first-degree relative with breast or ovarian cancer increases the risk.
Hereditary mutations (e.g., BRCA1/2) — Associated with a significantly elevated lifetime risk.
Dense breast tissue — Increased breast density is linked to higher risk and more challenging imaging diagnosis.

Hormonal & Reproductive Factors

Early menarche (<12 years)
Late menopause (>55 years)
Nulliparity or first pregnancy after age 30
Prolonged use of hormone replacement therapy

These factors are associated with prolonged exposure to estrogen.

Modifiable Factors

Obesity (especially after menopause)
Sedentary lifestyle
Alcohol consumption
Long-term hormone therapy without medical supervision

Adopting a healthy lifestyle can contribute to reducing overall risk.

History of Benign Lesions

Certain atypical hyperplasias or a previous breast cancer diagnosis increase the risk of future occurrence.

What does all this mean?

Most women with risk factors will not develop breast cancer. Conversely, many women who are diagnosed have no apparent risk factors.

The key is individualized risk assessment and appropriate preventive screening.

A message for patients: Knowledge of risk factors is not intended to cause worry, but to guide proper surveillance and prevention.

Can I reduce my risk?

While we cannot influence factors such as age or heredity, there are practical steps that contribute to reducing overall risk and improving general health:

Maintaining a healthy body weight — Especially after menopause, obesity is linked to elevated estrogen levels and greater risk.
Regular physical exercise — Moderate physical activity (e.g., 30 minutes of walking per day) has a protective effect.
Limiting alcohol consumption — Regular alcohol intake is associated with increased risk, even in small quantities.
Balanced diet — A diet rich in fruits, vegetables, and fiber contributes to overall health.
Breastfeeding — Where possible, breastfeeding has been shown to offer a protective effect.
Systematic preventive screening — Early diagnosis does not prevent the disease, but significantly increases the chances of successful treatment.

What is important to remember?

There is no absolute way to prevent breast cancer. The goal is to reduce overall risk and achieve early detection.

Adopting healthy habits, combined with individualized preventive screening, is the most effective strategy.